water

Project overview:
Now a day’s water scarcity became a pressing issue not only in Bangladesh but also around the glove affecting house/apartment/communities, office and industries. It is imperative to understand the magnitude of this emerging crisis. Pani Purite water project idea into a detailed proposal that covers the full range of technical, economic, financial, social, institutional and environmental aspects. Project name is Pani Purite Technologies
Pure water, pure life, pure live

Pani Purite Technologies
launches a new imagery product idea Designs is like music to the soul. We are here to inspire your soul. New Product Idea is Reverse Osmosis for Exclusive Apartments. We are looking for Real-estate companies to implement the idea. Interested real-estate companies are requested to contact at following address:

About 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
Ninety-seven percent of the water on the earth is salt water. Salt water is filled with salt and other minerals, and humans cannot drink this water. Although the salt can be removed, it is a difficult and expensive process.
Two percent of the water on earth is glacier ice at the North and South Poles. This ice is fresh water and could be melted; however, it is too far away from where people live to be usable.
Less than 1% of all the water on earth is fresh water that we can actually use. We use this small amount of water for drinking, transportation, heating and cooling, industry, and many other purposes.

3 states: solid (ice), liquid, or gas (vapor).
Pure water is tasteless, odorless, and colorless. Water can occur in three states: solid (ice), liquid, or gas (vapor).
Solid water—ice is frozen water. When water freezes, its molecules move farther apart, making ice less dense than water. This means that ice will be lighter than the same volume of water, and so ice will float in water. Water freezes at 0° Celsius, 32° Fahrenheit.
Liquid water is wet and fluid. This is the form of water with which we are most familiar. We use liquid water in many ways, including washing and drinking.
Water as a gas—vapor is always present in the air around us. You cannot see it. When you boil water, the water changes from a liquid to a gas or water vapor. As some of the water vapor cools, we see it as a small cloud called steam. This cloud of steam is a miniversion of the clouds we see in the sky. At sea level, steam is formed at 100° Celsius, 212° Fahrenheit.
The water vapor attaches to small bits of dust in the air. It forms raindrops in warm temperatures. In cold temperatures, it freezes and forms snow or hail

The Egyptians were the first people to record methods for treating water. These records date back more than 1,500 years to 400 A.D. They indicate that the most common ways of cleaning water were by boiling it over a fire, heating it in the sun, or by dipping a heated piece of iron into it. Filtering boiling water through sand and gravel and then allowing it to cool was another common treatment method.
Water treatment is much more complex today and is discussed a bit later in this Web site. Click on “NEXT” to see what you know about water
Water treatment is the process of cleaning water. Treatment makes the water safe for people to drink. Because water is a good solvent, it picks up all sorts of natural pollutants. In nature, water is not always clean enough for people to drink. When the microscope was invented in the 1850s, germs could be seen in water for the first time. In 1902, Belgium was the first country to use chlorine to clean or treat water in a public water supply. Today, almost every city in the world treats their drinking water. Treatment includes disinfection with chlorine or other chemicals to kill any germs in the water. An example follows:
A water meter measures the amount of water coming into your home or business. Your water meter may be located in your basement or outside in a pit or hole. A meter reader reads the water meter on a regular basis. The utility bills you for the amount of water used. The bill covers the costs of treating and distributing the water. Sometimes, a utility must buy water. All of these costs and the wages for the utility’s staff must be met.
Water is a bargain. The average price of water in the United States is about $1.50 for 1,000 gallons. At that price, a gallon of water costs less than one penny. How does that compare with one can of soft drink?
Here are two kinds of water meters used in North America.

The first water meter is read like a traditional clock. The second water meter is read like a digital clock.
Water meters can measure in gallons, cubic feet, or cubic meters. The water meters shown here are measuring in gallons.

Let’s say the readings above are for the Smith family. The first water meter shows last month’s reading. The second water meter shows the reading for this month.
Find out how much water the Smith family used in one month. Just subtract the first reading (7,654 gallons) from the second reading (10,664 gallons) .
In one month they used 3,010 gallons of water

Basics of a Reverse Osmosis Water Purification System
The word osmosis means the diffusion of water through a cell wall or membrane. Generally this movement of water is accomplished by have a solute concentration opposite a low salt concentration so that water goes from one system to another. This is not the case when looking at a reverse osmosis water purification system. This system uses the pressure of water coming into the home to facilitate this movement. The water is forced through a membrane which filters out the pollutants.
This brings us to the first part of the reverse osmosis water purification system. The membrane comes in two types – thin film composite and cellulose triacetate. Either of these membranes will work very well the main difference being that a TFC filter will take out more pollutants and a CTA filter will last longer. Either filter may be used and the overall functionality of the system is not changed depending on which one you go with.
In addition to the filter all reverse osmosis water purification systems have an array of granular activate carbon prefilters. These serve as the first step in filtering your water. Most older water filters only have this system and it can be found in you in fridge water filters as well. This water passes through the carbon granules where some of the impurities are picked up and removed. After this the water passes to the reverse osmosis membrane where it is further filtered. A typical reverse osmosis water purification unit will filter out anything above .0005 microns. This is much smaller than any cell or virus. Generally only very small particles will be able to pass though the filter.
After the water has passed through both the filters it is generally placed in a storage tank for later use. The size of the tank varies from unit to unit with larger being better for many reasons.
Usually also associated with the reverse osmosis water purification unit is the ability for the system to continually remove particles including bacteria, viruses, and other complex chemicals and taking this refuse and continually moving it away from the membrane keeping it free and clear to do its job.
If you value your family’s health you should look into a reverse osmosis water purification system for yourself today.

1. Why Water?
2. Why Filtered Water?
3. Why Waterfilters.net?
4. Evaluate your Water.
5. Choose your Filter.
6. Find your Filter.
7. Water Quiz

Water, which makes up 55-75 percent of the human body, is depended upon by every system in the body. Most of us have heard the recommendation to drink six 8-ounce servings of water every day. According to the American Dietetic Association, it may be necessary to drink more than this if you weigh more than 125 pounds or participate in physical activity. Doctors at Mayo Clinic recommend dividing your weight in half and using this number as the number of ounces of water consumption per day.

There are many reasons why it is critical that we maintain the proper water intake.

1. Reduce the risk of heart disease. Researchers at Loma Linda University in California studied more than 20,000 healthy men and women and found that people who drink more than five glasses of water a day were less likely to die from a heart attack or heart disease than those who drank fewer than two glasses a day.

2. Become more energetic and alert. Water plays a vital role in nearly every bodily function. Lack of water is the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue. A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on the computer screen or on a printed page.

3. Cushion and lube your joints and muscles. Water makes up a large part of the fluid that lubricates and cushions your joints and muscles. Drinking water before, during, and after exercise can also help reduce muscle cramping and premature fatigue.

4. Lose weight. Increased water consumption can help you control weight by preventing you from confusing hunger with thirst. Water will also keep your body systems working properly, including metabolism and digestion, and give you the energy (and hydration) necessary for exercise.

5. Flush toxins. By helping to flush toxins, appropriate water intake lessens the burden on your kidneys and liver.

6. Improve skin health. Drinking water moisturizes your skin from the inside out. Water is essential to maintaining elasticity and suppleness and helps prevent dryness.

7. Improve digestion. Water is essential for proper digestion, nutrient absorption, and chemical reactions. Water is a metabolical and transport tool for carbohydrates and proteins that our body uses as food. Moreover, water is helpful for preventing constipation by adding fluid to the colon and bulk to stools, making bowel movements softer and easier to pass.

8. Maintain healthy immune system. A healthy immune system is necessary to fight off disease. Low fluid intake is correlated with bladder, colon, breast, prostate, kidney, and testicular cancers.

9. Maintain ideal body temperature. Water regulates the body’s cooling system. Perspiration is a body function that controls the body temperature. An adequate supply of water is necessary for the body to produce sweat.

10. Avoid dehydration. Chronic Cellular Dehydration can result from consistent failure to drink enough water. This condition leaves the body weak and vulnerable to disease. It also leads to chemical nutritional, and pH imbalances that can cause a host of diseases. Dehydration can occur in any time of the year. Winter dryness can sometimes dehydrate the body even quicker than summer weather.

11. Reduce your risk of disease and infection. Water can help prevent kidney stones and reduce your chances of getting bladder, kidney, and urinary tract infections. One study found that women who drank more than five glasses of water a day had a risk of colon cancer that was 45 percent less than those who drank two or fewer glasses a day.

12. Get well. The traditional prescription to “drink plenty of fluids” when you’re sick still holds strong. Water can help control a fever, replace lost fluids, and thin out mucus.

13. Better Circulation. The levels of oxygen in the bloodstream are greater when the body is well hydrated. The more oxygen the body has readily available the more fat it will burn for energy without the presence of oxygen the body cannot utilize stored fat for energy efficiently. Not only will the body burn more fat when well hydrated but because there are increased oxygen levels you will also have more energy.

14. There is no substitute. It is difficult for the body to get water from any other source than water itself. Soft drinks and alcohol steal tremendous amounts of water from the body. Other beverages such as coffee and tea are diuretics therefore stealing precious water from the body.

15. Water is the substance of life. Life can not exist without water. We must constantly be adding fresh water to our body in order to keep it properly hydrated. Water can be a miracle cure for many common ailments such as headaches, fatigue, joint pain, and much more. We can go for weeks without food, but only 3 days without water!

2. Why Filtered Water?
By now, we all understand how important water is to our daily health. So, what kind of water is the most appropriate for our consumption?

The options are generally: tap water, bottled water, or filtered water.

Tap Water

The quality of tap water is on a downward trend. Experts say that tap water has consistently worsened due to environmental damage and industrial pollution. Some communities have it worse than others (see an LA Times article regarding the contaminants in tap water). Although some of the contaminants do not cause immediate disease, it is proven that consistent consumption over time can cause serious illness, such as cancer. It is interesting to note that most municipal water supplies use chemicals, such as chlorine and fluoride, which are toxic and proven to negatively affect humans.

New Product Idea is Reverse Osmosis for Exclusive Apartments in Bangladesh. We are looking for Real-estate companies to implement the idea. Interested real-estate companies are requested to contact at following address:

New Product Idea
New Product Idea is Reverse Osmosis for Exclusive Apartments.
Which impurities will reverse osmosis remove?
How to test the water of your apartment?
How does reverse osmosis work?
How the effectiveness of reverse osmosis is measured?
Which types of equipment make up an reverse osmosis system?
What does an RO system cost?
Summary

What impurities will reverse osmosis remove?
Reverse osmosis (RO) has become a common method for the treatment of household drinking water supplies. Effectiveness of RO units depends on initial levels of contamination and water pressure. RO treatment may be used to reduce the levels of:
Naturally occurring substances that cause water supplies to be unhealthy or unappealing (foul tastes, smells or colors).
Substances that have contaminated the water supply resulting in possible adverse health effects or decreased desirability.
RO systems are typically used to reduce the levels of total dissolved solids and suspended matter. The principal uses of reverse osmosis in Minnesota and the Dakotas are for the reduction of high levels of nitrate, sulfate, sodium and total dissolved solids.
RO units with carbon filters may also reduce the level of some SOCs (soluble organic compounds) like pesticides, dioxins and VOCs (volatile organic compounds like chloroform and petrochemicals). An RO unit alone may not be the best solution for these types of contaminants, but installing a properly design-ed RO unit to reduce the levels of other contaminants may provide a reduction in SOCs and VOCs.

How to test your water
Before installing any water treatment system be sure to have the water tested. The test will identify the bacteria and level of minerals that are present. Interpretation of the test results will help determine whether treatment is needed and what type of system or systems to consider. The intended use of the water (drinking only, drinking and cooking, laundry, or all household uses) will also help determine the extent of treatment needed and the type of system to select.
Note: RO systems are normally used to treat only drinking and cooking water supplies so may not be preferred where larger supplies are being treated. RO systems are not appropriate for treating water supplies that are contaminated by coliform bacteria.
The water test analysis and interpretation will provide information about both naturally-occurring substances and those resulting from human activity. Treatment of contaminated water supplies should be considered only as a temporary solution. The best solution is to remove the source(s) of contamination and/or obtain a new water supply.

How reverse osmosis works
Reverse osmosis is sometimes referred to as ultrafiltration because it involves the movement of water through a membrane as shown in Figure 1. The membrane has microscopic openings that allow water molecules, but not larger compounds, to pass through. Some RO membranes also have an electrical charge that helps in rejecting some chemicals at the membrane surface. Proper maintenance is essential to retain effectiveness over time. Some units are equipped with automatic membrane flushing systems to clean the membrane.

Figure 1. Dynamic Cross-Section of a Reverse Osmosis Unit

How is effectiveness measured?
The effectiveness of RO units is characterized by the rejection rate or rejection percentage. The rejection rate is the percent of a contaminant that does not move through, or is rejected by, the membrane. Some typical rejection rates for common contaminants are shown in Table 1. These rejection rates are for single contaminants under design conditions.
Table 1. Typical Rejection Rates for
Common Contaminants
——————————————-
Rejection Rate Range*
Laboratory
Contaminant Tests Field Tests
——————————————-
Nitrates 83 – 92 % ** – 92%
Total Dissolved 95 – 99 % 60% – 99%
Solids
Sulfates 90 – 98 % 60% – 98%
Sodium 87 – 93 % 60% – 93%
——————————————-
*These values are for properly maintained units. Poorly maintained units will not be as effective at removing contaminants and, in the worst case, may not be removing any contaminants.
Where water contains more than one contaminant, the rejection rate for each contaminant may be reduced or one of the contaminants may be reduced in preference to the other contaminant. For example, cases have been reported where water supplies containing either high TDS levels or high sulfates in combination with nitrates show no decrease in nitrates after treatment. (Nitrates as used in this publication refers to nitrate-nitrogen or NO3-N.)
Rejection rates need to be high enough to reduce the contaminant level in the untreated water to a safe level. To determine the needed rejection rate, it is necessary to consider the initial concentration. For example, if a water supply contains nitrates at a concentration of 20 milligrams per liter (mg/l), an RO unit rejecting at a rate of 85 percent, which means 15 percent remaining, would reduce the level to 3 mg/l (20 times 0.15 = 3).
Water with very high levels of nitrates (such as 100 mg/l) would remain near or above health standard levels even after treatment. Nitrate levels this high are not expected in this region and indicate unusual problems that require special investigation and handling. The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) recommends that special designs be used for RO units where the NO3-N level exceeds 40 mg/l.

Disadvantages of reverse osmosis units
RO units use a lot of water. They recover only 5 to 15 percent of the water entering the system. The remainder is discharged as waste water. Because waste water carries with it the rejected contaminants, methods to re-cover this water are not practical for household systems. Waste water is typically connected to the house drains and will add to the load on the household septic system. An RO unit deliver-ing 5 gallons of treated water per day may discharge 40 to 90 gallons of waste water per day to the septic system.

What types of equipment make up an RO System?
A typical home reverse osmosis treatment system is shown in Figure 2. The system is normally located beneath the kitchen sink since it is used to treat water for drinking and cooking purposes. RO systems consist of the pre-filter, RO membrane unit, a pressurized storage tank for the treated water, a post-filter and a separate delivery tap for the treated water supply.

Figure 2. A Typical Home RO System Includes: (1) particle filter, (2) reverse osmosis membrane unit, (3) pressurized treated-water storage container, (4) carbon adsorption post-filter, and (5) separate treated-water tap.
The water supply entering the RO unit should be bacteriologically safe. RO units will remove virtually all microorganisms but they are not recommended for that use because of the possibility of contamination through pinhole leaks or deterioration due to bacterial growth. Water softeners are commonly used in Minnesota and the Dakotas in advance of the RO system.
1. Prefilter: The prefilter is sometimes referred to as a sediment filter. It removes small suspended particles to extend the life of the membrane. Some membrane units are damaged by chlorine and others by bacterial growth. Where chlorine is present, a carbon prefilter may also be recommended.
2. RO Membrane: Several kinds of reverse osmosis membranes are available. The most common materials are cellulose acetate or polyamide resins. Mixtures or variations of these materials are also used. Each product has certain advantages and limitations and these need to be considered carefully.
Some of the factors that should be investigated are:
The contaminant(s) involved and their initial concentration(s).
The water supply rate, or whether the system will deliver enough water to meet normal daily drinking and cooking requirements.
The rejection rate, or the percentage of contaminants to be removed by the membrane.
The water pressure required to meet the supply and rejection rates. That is, can this unit be operated on the normal operating pressure of a home water system or will a booster pump be required?
How can the system’s performance be monitored? That is, how can leaks or other problems be detected or how is the time for servicing or replacement determined? Some systems have built-in monitors, but many do not. Conductivity meters, pressure gauges and other devices can be used to detect problems where monitors are not included. Where coliform bacteria or other special contaminants are a known or suspected problem, periodic testing is recommended.
3. Storage Tank: Most RO units supply treated water at very low rates so a storage tank of 2 to 5 gallons is used to provide a suitable supply. These units are pressurized to produce an adequate flow when the tap is open. Under sink storage requires minimum pressure to deliver water. Other locations may require increased delivery pressure which may reduce membrane performance.
4. Post-Filter: The main reason for postfiltration is to remove any undesirable taste and any residual organics from the treated water. Usually a carbon filter is used for this purpose. Where a carbon filter is used as a part of the prefiltration step, postfiltration is normally eliminated.
5. Delivery Tap: A separate delivery tap for the treated water is used so that both treated and untreated water are available.
6. Other: No special controls are required on most systems since they operate by the use of pressure-sensitive switches, check valves, or flexible bladders. Shut-off valves are important to conserve water during low use periods. Monitoring gauges or servicing lights are becoming increasingly common and assist greatly in knowing whether the system is or isn’t working.

What does an RO System cost?
When deciding on a water treatment system be sure to investigate all options and all costs. To compare purchase to lease or rent options consider the following:
Initial Costs of the System: Be sure that all parts are included, especially when comparisons are being made. RO units range in cost from $300 to $3000 and vary in quality and effectiveness. Replacement membranes cost $100 to $200 and filter cartridges around $50.
Installation Costs: These costs are generally the responsibility of the purchaser, but who pays installation fees when renting or leasing? Is there enough space to accommodate the system being considered or will some modifications of space be needed?
Operating and Maintenance Costs: Electricity to pump the water is the only significant operating cost. Filter cleaning and/or replacement (both pre and post-filters) and RO membrane replacement need to be estimated. Whether routine maintenance can be done by the owner or requires special service is important information when purchasing a system. When renting or leasing, how and when servicing is to be done and who pays for the supplies and service needs to be clearly stated. For example, is the service done on a schedule or an “as needed” basis?

Summary
Reverse osmosis is a proven technology that has been used successfully on a commercial basis. One of the better known uses of RO is the removal of salt from seawater. Household RO units typically deliver small amounts (2 to 10 gallons per day) of treated water and waste 3 to 20 times the amount of water treated. Reverse osmosis units remove many inorganic contaminants from household drinking water supplies. The removal effectiveness depends on the contaminant and its concentration, the membrane selected, the water pressure and proper installation. RO units require regular maintenance and monitoring to perform satisfactorily over an extended period of time. Before purchasing an RO unit or any other water treatment equipment, purchasers should test their water to be certain that treatment is needed and that the equipment being selected is appropriate to the problem requiring treatment. All costs need to be considered when comparing competitive systems and when making purchase or rental decisions.

Mission Statement
The Company’s mission is to become the pioneer of pure water plant builders in Bangladesh.

Services Provided
We offer our services in
Installation of purifying machines for pure water.
Water Plant design, performance evaluation, construction, installation, retrofitting,
Operation & maintenance of the Water Plant,
Economic evaluation and project management of all types of water and wastewater purification & treatment.
We provided after sales service, necessary repair of machines.
Office Location
Dhaka
Identification of Needs and Opportunity
Real-estate companies. needs their own pure water mini plant to supply pure drinking water to its APARTMENTS’s WONER and we understand the need s of Real-estate companies. to be as such.

General requirements
Construct the pure water plans.
Install the water purifying machines
Ensure the purity of drinking water
Quick repairing of plant machines
One year after sales service
Project Scope
The project will involve over six plants Hop Lun BD Ltd employees and require the coordination of the concern departments in office.
Conclusion
We declare this offer to be binding and free of errors or omissions. Due diligence has been performed in order to ensure compliances with your requirements and particular situation. We agree to hold our proposal open for acceptance until 20th February, 2008.
Thank you for your kind interest.
Sincerely

______________
Kazi Md. Nur Alam
Director

A good water filter is the best and maybe the only solution nowadays. You can install and maintain the filters yourself and can ensure and feel safe about the water which you and your family drink. Just make sure the filter you choose removes the most spectrum of contaminants. Usually a professional filtration system worth invest-in is a 4 to 5 stage water purifier system. Each stage will remove certain types of contaminants, and all stages combined should protect you from just about every contaminant.A reverse osmosis water filter with activated carbon pre-filters, plus an ultraviolet light, are what we believe to be the most thorough and cost effective way to purify drinking water. Such a system will pay for itself within half a year and can last 10-15 years with easy annual filter changes

The truth is we can all make a difference in the world simply by making a small change in our lifestyle and reducing our dependence on bottled water. Filtering your own pure water at home and using a re-usable water bottle is a small step that can make a big difference for the environment
Reverse Osmosis purification plays a great role in the supply of high quality fresh tap water. These well-proven Reverse Osmosis tap water systems are the preferred selections for any application where ultimate reliability, low maintenance cost/effort and committed customer support are of utmost importance
Reverse osmosis water systems: filtration
Another name for the work reverse osmosis water systems do, is hyper filtration. RO is the finest filtration known, able to remove particles the size of ions from a solution. Used to remove salt from water as well as other impurities, its applications also extend into use for other solutions. For example, industrial reverse osmosis units can purify ethanol and glycol. Still the most common use is for water purification.

The reverse osmosis water systems use membranes that are semi-permeable. That is to say, that fluid is allowed to pass through it, while the contaminants remain. Most industrial water filtration systems will have a cross flow mechanism in place, to make sure the membranes get repeatedly cleaned off so that the flow of liquid can continue. The next component needed for this process is pressure to drive the fluid through the membrane. High-pressure pumps provide the needed pressure. As the rejected matter builds, the pressure pumps need to increase the force to allow the filtration to continue.

Industrial reverse osmosis units
There are many advantages to using industrial reverse osmosis units and the application uses grow wider and wider all the time. There will always be commercial reverse osmosis uses for water that is free of harmful effects and won’t cause staining or irregularities. Many larger units will have multiple membranes, with the treatment requiring passage through various levels, until water reaches purity levels of up to 95%. A water bottling plant would require this multi-level type of unit.

As engineers continue to work on advances to ro membranes, this form of treatment looks to continue playing a large role in many industries. In fact, Filmtec membranes have been adapted for uses ranging from water treatment plants to maple syrup production.

Multi-Pure drinking water filters systems.  The below sink Reverse Osmosis water filter system in your home is used for the purification of all your consumable water.  The Reverse Osmosis system can be used to purify either municipal or well water. 

Fresh Water Systems carries several water filter systems including reverse osmosis water filter systems, undersink water filters, countertop water filters. K16 Soul Bits Tec. Reverse Osmosis purification plays a great role in the supply of high quality fresh tap water. These well-proven Reverse Osmosis tap water systems are the preferred selections for any application where ultimate reliability, low maintenance cost/effort and committed customer support are of utmost importance.

What Is Reverse Osmosis?

Before discussing membrane properties and performance, it is appropriate to define and discuss reverse osmosis briefly.

Osmosis can be defined as the spontaneous passage of a liquid from a dilute to a more concentrated solution across an ideal semi permeable membrane which allows the passage of the solvent (water) but not the dissolved solids (solutes).  (See Fig. 1.)  The transfer of the water from one side of the membrane to the other continues until the head or pressure (P) is large enough to prevent any net transfer of the solvent (water) to the more concentrated solution.  At equilibrium, the quantity of water passing in either direction is equal, and the pressure (P) is then defined as the osmotic pressure of the solution having that particular concentration of dissolved solids.

If a piston is placed on the more-concentrated solution side of a semi permeable membrane (see Fig. 2) and a pressure, P, is applied to the solution, the following conditions can be realized:  (1) P is less than the osmotic pressure of the solution and the solvent still flows spontaneously toward the more concentrated solution;  (2) P equals the osmotic pressure of the solution and solvent flows at the same rate in both directions, i.e., no net change in water levels; (3) P is greater than the osmotic pressure of the solution and solvent flows from the more concentrated solution to the “pure” solvent side of the membrane.  Condition (3) shown in Fig. II-2, represents the phenomenon of reverse osmosis.

we bring ideas and insights certain to help you better understand the promotional products buying audience.